The Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) has today published a scientific report outlining food-based dietary guideline recommendations for adolescents aged 9–18 living in Ireland. This is the first scientific report to set out specific food-based dietary recommendations for this age group. Nutritional needs during adolescence can vary considerably, depending not only on age and sex, but also on body size, physical activity and the timing of puberty. Developed by the FSAI Scientific Committee, the recommendations take account of these differences to provide a scientific basis for supporting healthy growth and development during this important stage of life.
Mr Greg Dempsey, (Chief Executive of FSAI), said the recommendations are an important step in ensuring that dietary guidance reflects the particular nutritional needs of adolescents. “This report is the first to set out specific food-based dietary recommendations for adolescents living in Ireland. The dramatic transition from childhood to adulthood requires very high nutrient intakes to ensure that adolescents reach their full potential as adults, both physically, for example in terms of height, and cognitively. These food-based recommendations from our Scientific Committee reflect the most current scientific understanding of nutritional issues affecting this age group. Based on recent dietary surveys, the recommendations align with current adolescent food habits in Ireland and also consider environmental sustainability.”
According to Professor Kevin Cashman, who was Chair of the FSAI Public Health Nutrition Subcommittee when this report was developed, adolescence is a life stage when nutritional requirements are particularly high. “Adolescence is a key developmental window of opportunity for nutrition. During this time, children lay down 40% of their bone mass, protecting them from osteoporosis in later life. In addition, they gain 50% of their adult weight and 20% of their adult height. It is important to note that there is a significant variation in nutritional needs among adolescents, including those of the same age. These differences relate to body size, for example tall versus small; physical activity levels, from sedentary to very active; and maturational timing, such as adolescents who are early versus late developers.”
The food-based recommendations in the scientific report are designed to be flexible and to show how food choices can be adjusted to meet these different nutritional needs. In this way, the food-based dietary guidelines support optimal growth and development across the full spectrum of adolescent requirements.
Key recommendations from the report include:-
Adolescents have high energy requirements: Food requirements can be substantial during adolescence, with 15% of the dietary patterns modelled exceeding 3,000 kilocalories per day.
Food needs to vary between adolescents: Recommendations should take account of age, sex, body size and physical activity, recognising that two adolescents of the same age may have very different nutritional requirements.
Carbohydrate foods (cereals and breads, potatoes, pasta, and rice) are the most important food group for fuelling physical activity (providing calories), with average requirements ranging from 6 to 10 servings and requirements reaching up to 13 servings for some adolescents.
Four to five servings per day from the milk, yogurt and cheese food group fulfil calcium requirements. Four servings per day are recommended for sedentary to low active adolescents, while five servings per day are recommended for moderately active to very active adolescents. However, adolescents with very high calorie requirements (e.g. very physically active) may require more from this group to meet their energy needs.
In general, plant-based dairy replacement foods and beverages are not recommended due to their nutritional composition and the need for addition of calcium and other micronutrients. Where plant-based dairy alternatives are required, a calcium-fortified soya beverage represents the best choice for males, and calcium- and iodine-fortified brands represent the best choice for females.
Protein requirements were easily achieved, despite the reduction in the amounts and frequency of meat consumption. Protein powders, shakes and supplementary drinks were unnecessary to meet protein goals.
Including oily fish once a week is recommended to help improve intake of the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA, which can otherwise be difficult to achieve.
The modelling showed that sugar and saturated fat intakes can be reduced to recommended levels, while healthier choices of foods such as yogurts, breakfast cereals and discretionary foods can help reduce saturated fat, sugar and salt intake.
Adolescents and their caregivers should use nutrition labelling when choosing foods such as breakfast cereals and yogurts, helping them identify options that meet healthier choice criteria.
All adolescents should continue to take a vitamin D food supplement – amount required is dependent on the individual’s age and ethnicity, and the time of year.
All women of childbearing age, including adolescents, who can become pregnant should take a 400 µg folic acid supplement every day.
A minimal intake of foods high in sugar, saturated fat and salt (such as preserves, confectionery, biscuits and crisps) may be included to meet higher energy requirements of some adolescents. This report highlights better choices (lower in fat, sugar and salt) of these discretionary foods.
As the darker, colder evenings set in and households across Tipperary stock up on home heating oil, Gardaí are reminding the public to take precautions against heating oil theft. With home heating oil representing a significant household expense, having your tank emptied by thieves could leave you facing a costly bill.
Garda Crime Prevention Advice: Check your oil levels; monitor your tank regularly for any unexplained drops. Lock your oil tank; fit a secure, lockable cap to make theft more difficult. Install security lighting; motion-activated lighting can help deter intruders. Secure access; keep gates locked and restrict access to your oil tank. Consider CCTV; visible cameras can discourage thieves. Fit a tank alarm; an oil-level alarm can alert you to a sudden drop. Look out for your neighbours; be especially vigilant around elderly neighbours and people living alone.
Tipperary – stay vigilant! Whether you’re living in Thurles, Clonmel, Nenagh, Roscrea, Templemore, Cashel, Cahir, Carrick-on-suir, Tipperary Town or any rural part of the county, take a few minutes to check your oil tank security.
Notice something suspicious? Report suspicious vehicles, unfamiliar activity around properties or possible oil theft to Gardaí. Garda confidential:Tel: 1800 666 111. Emergency:Tel: 999 / 112.
Don’t wait until your tank is emptied! Please share this warning with family, friends and neighbours across Tipperary. A simple precaution today could prevent an expensive theft tomorrow.
How many men and women in Tipperary were spotted, on Tuesday last, wearing an ivy leaf in their lapel?
October 6th this year was Budget Day, yet amid the political grandstanding, as opposition politicians appeared more concerned with having their snouts in the trough and criticising a democratically elected government, few, if any, spared a thought for the anniversary of the death of one of Ireland’s greatest patriots, Charles Stewart Parnell.
It was on October 6th, 1891, exactly 135 years ago, that Parnell passed away. His extraordinary contribution to Ireland’s struggle for self-government helped lay the foundations for the independent, prosperous nation we enjoy today; a country that now ranks among the wealthiest in the world.
Surely, on such a significant anniversary, this remarkable Irishman deserved more than to be forgotten amid the political point-scoring of Budget Day.
On October 6th 1891, Charles Stewart Parnell an Irish nationalist politician, died in Brighton, England, aged only 45. Ireland had lost the man remembered for generations as its “Uncrowned King.” Though an Anglican, his funeral on October 11th was at the Irish National non-denominational Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and was attended by more than 200,000 people. His notability was such that his gravestone of unhewn Wicklow granite, erected in 1940, reads only “Parnell”.
Born at Avondale, Co. Wicklow, in 1846, Parnell came from a Protestant landowning family, yet became one of the most powerful leaders of Irish nationalism in the nineteenth century. He transformed the Irish Parliamentary Party into a disciplined political force at Westminster, supported the campaign for tenant farmers during the Land War and brought the demand for Home Rule to the very centre of British politics. His political career ended in tragedy. Following the public revelation of his long relationship with Mrs Katharine O’Shea during divorce proceedings in 1890, the Irish Parliamentary Party split bitterly. Parnell refused to surrender his leadership and continued campaigning throughout Ireland and Britain, while his health rapidly deteriorated.
But Thurles has its own important place in the Parnell story. In January 1885, Parnell travelled personally to Thurles during a dispute over the selection of a parliamentary candidate for Tipperary. Contemporary accounts record that he attended a Home Rule convention in the town and successfully pressed local supporters to accept his preferred candidate, Mr John O’Connor ♦. It was an extraordinary demonstration of the authority Parnell then exercised over the Irish nationalist movement.
♦ In January 1885, Parnell travelled personally to Thurles town to resolve a dispute over the selection of a parliamentary candidate for Tipperary. His preferred candidate was Mr John O’Connor, a Cork-born Fenian, prominent Land League activist and devoted supporter of the Home Rule movement. Local nationalists, however, favoured their own candidate, Mr John O’Ryan, (who previously had been imprisoned as a political suspect, demonstrating that he too had made sacrifices for the nationalist cause). Such was Parnell’s extraordinary authority that his intervention secured O’Ryan’s withdrawal and O’Connor’s unanimous selection. O’Connor subsequently entered Parliament unopposed and remained steadfastly loyal to Parnell, even during the bitter party split of 1890. This historic visit to Thurles stands as a powerful reminder of Parnell’s commanding influence and his determination to unite Irish nationalism in pursuit of self-government.
His name remains part of the everyday geography of Thurles. Parnell Street (Formerly New Street), still runs through the town today, its name appearing in current Tipperary County Council records. It is perhaps easy to pass along that street without stopping to consider the man whose name it carries or why an earlier generation considered his memory important enough to preserve in the streetscape of Thurles.
The Grave of Charles Stewart Parnell, Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.
In the Ireland of our great-grandparents, wearing a sprig of ivy, on October 6th, carried a meaning immediately understood by others. It represented remembrance, loyalty and continuing devotion to Parnell and to the political hopes associated with him. James Joyce later preserved that fading world in his famous short story Ivy Day in the Committee Room.
The tradition survives, but seemingly not in Thurles Co. Tipperary and numerous other places in our green land. However, remarkably, Ivy Day has not disappeared altogether. Only this week, marking the 135th anniversary of Parnell’s death, the Parnell Society held its annual commemoration. On Saturday, October 3rd 2026, historians and supporters gathered at Parnell’s ancestral home at Avondale, County Wicklow, for an Ivy Day symposium, examining his political legacy, his involvement in industry, landlord and tenant relations and the Irish Parliamentary Party. The following day, Sunday, October 4th, people again gathered around Parnell’s grave at Glasnevin Cemetery. A wreath was laid and Ms Claire Hanna MP, leader of the SDLP, delivered the annual Ivy Day oration. The ceremony continues a commemorative tradition which began on the first anniversary of Parnell’s death and is now held on the Sunday nearest October 6th each year. What is striking from a Thurles perspective, however, is how completely the old custom appears to have slipped from local public memory.
The Ivy Leaf and the “Dead Chief”. When Parnell was buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in October 1891, his funeral drew an enormous crowd. In the years that followed, October 6th became known as “Ivy Day”. The ivy leaf became the emblem of remembrance for Parnell. Accounts of the tradition tell how mourners took ivy from the walls of Glasnevin cemetery and wore it in their lapels, while another possible origin lies in an ivy wreath placed beside his remains. What is certain is that within a year of his death the ivy leaf had become firmly associated with those who remained loyal to his memory.
Despite Parnell’s documented visit to Thurles, despite a prominent street in the town still bearing his name, and despite the national Ivy Day tradition continuing in 2026, I can find no publicly advertised Ivy Day commemoration in Thurles this year and no obvious continuation locally of the old custom of wearing the ivy leaf on October 6th. That does not prove that no individual in Thurles remembered Parnell privately. But as a visible civic tradition, the wearing of the ivy appears to have disappeared from the town. Perhaps that is worth reflecting upon. There must once have been men and women walking the streets of Thurles on an October morning with a little piece of green ivy pinned to a coat or jacket. To their neighbours, no explanation would have been necessary.
The leaf says simply, Parnell is remembered. Today thousands of us travel along Parnell Street, Thurles, yet comparatively few may know why the street bears that name, that Parnell himself once came to the town, or that for generations October 6th was a special day of remembrance throughout Ireland. Parnell was neither a saint nor a man without controversy. His political career ended amid one of the bitterest divisions Ireland had known. But his historical importance remains beyond dispute. He helped give Irish nationalism political discipline and parliamentary power. He stood at the centre of the struggle that transformed the position of Ireland’s tenant farmers. And he brought the possibility of Irish self-government closer than it had been for generations. When he died, his followers chose a remarkably humble memorial. Not a flag. Not a medal. Not an elaborate badge. Just a small leaf of ivy, evergreen, clinging firmly through winter, and difficult to uproot. One hundred and thirty-five years later, a few people still gather at Glasnevin to remember the “Dead Chief”. Perhaps Thurles, a town which still carries his name on one of its streets and which once witnessed Parnell himself exercising his formidable political authority, might consider remembering ‘Ivy Day’ next year.
Perhaps next Sunday October 11th, the anniversary of Charles Stewart Parnell’s burial in 1891, we might all, including the landowning families of Ireland, pause to remember his extraordinary contribution to our nation. Let each of us pluck a sprig of ivy from the hedgerow and wear it proudly in our lapel or buttonhole, reviving a tradition of remembrance as a simple yet meaningful gesture of gratitude and respect for a man to whom Ireland owes so much.
A small sprig of ivy on October 11th would cost almost nothing. But it might remind another generation why Parnell Street is called Parnell Street and of the remarkable, complicated man who helped change the course of Irish history.
As Halloween approaches, communities are being reminded of the very real dangers associated with illegal fireworks.
Fireworks can cause devastating burns, serious eye and facial injuries, permanent damage to hands and fingers, and other life-changing injuries. Their unpredictable nature means they can ignite unexpectedly, explode while being held or carried, or become dangerous projectiles when thrown or placed on bonfires.
The impact goes far beyond the person using them. Sudden explosions can cause significant distress to older people, young children, people with disabilities and other vulnerable members of the community. They can also place additional pressure on firefighters, paramedics, Gardaí and other emergency services during an already busy period.
Animals can suffer greatly too. The loud and unpredictable bangs can cause extreme fear and anxiety for pets, horses, livestock, birds and other wildlife. Frightened animals may bolt, escape from homes or gardens, or injure themselves while trying to get away. For Guide Dogs, Assistance Dogs and other working dogs, the effects can be particularly serious. Fireworks-related trauma can affect a dog’s ability to work, potentially impacting the independence and mobility of the person who relies on them.
There can also be serious legal consequences. Illegal possession, supply and misuse of fireworks can result in prosecution. Certain offences can carry penalties of up to €10,000 in fines and five years’ imprisonment. Parents and guardians are encouraged to speak to young people about these risks and not to purchase illegal fireworks for them. Instead, enjoy Halloween safely by attending professionally organised and authorised fireworks displays in your local area.
Halloween should be memorable for the right reasons.Think before using fireworks. Protect yourself, protect animals, respect your neighbours and help keep your community safe.
A plaque is being unveiled in Glenties, Co. Donegal, honouring one of the most remarkable humanitarian figures of the Irish Great Famine; the Polish explorer, scientist and relief worker Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki (KCMG CB FRS FRGS DC), also known as Paul Edmund de Strzelecki and Sir Paul Strzelecki, (1797–1873).
Strzelecki became the principal agent in Ireland for theBritish Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and Scotland, better known as the British Relief Association. Born near Poznań, capital of the Wielkopolska region, he was already internationally known as an explorer and scientist when, in January 1847, he volunteered for unpaid relief work in Ireland. He was initially given responsibility for the desperately affected western counties of Donegal, Mayo and Sligo, and based himself for a time in Westport, Co. Mayo. [Strzelecki was also later associated with Florence Nightingale and helped her in facilitating the publication of a series of her articles.]
Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki, (1797–1873)
There he saw at first hand the devastation caused by hunger, disease and the collapse of ordinary life. His most important humanitarian initiative was the development of a scheme to feed starving children directly through schools. By March 1848, nearly 200,000 children were receiving school meals, while clothing was also distributed. The scheme was non-denominational and contemporary colleagues believed that it saved many young lives.
The British Relief Association’s funds were largely exhausted by the summer of 1848, and its main operations came to an end. But Strzelecki’s work for Ireland did not. Following another disastrous potato failure, he returned to Ireland in June 1849, using charitable money raised in Britain, through his own advocacy, and it is this return that raises a fascinating question for County Tipperary.
Did Strzelecki Visit the town of Cashel? Between June and September 1849, Strzelecki undertook an extraordinary relief journey. Research by historians Professor Peter Gray and Dr Emily Mark-FitzGerald records that he travelled approximately 2,700 miles across Connaught and Munster, distributing a further £6,400 (approximately £1,055,509.76 in 2026), in charitable aid. Strzelecki was not confined to the western counties he had first visited in 1847. In 1849 he was travelling extensively through Munster as well as Connacht, and County Tipperary, of course, is part of Munster. So could that 2,700-mile journey have brought him to Cashel? At present, we cannot say that it did. No document yet identified explicitly states that Strzelecki visited Cashel. No known letter headed “Cashel”; newspaper report of his arrival; or other contemporary source presently allows us to claim a visit as historical fact. But there is a genuine reason for asking the question.
At exactly the time Strzelecki was travelling through Connacht and Munster, Cashel Poor Law Union in Tipperary was itself facing a severe humanitarian and financial crisis and Cashel was being discussed in Parliament because of that crisis. It is important to be clear about this point. Parliament was not discussing Cashel because Strzelecki was known to have visited. Cashel was being discussed because thousands of people were dependent on poor relief and because the Union’s ability to finance that relief had become gravely strained.
On 17 May 1849, the House of Commons heard that 12,000 poor people in Cashel Union, Tipperary were receiving outdoor relief. The situation was described in stark terms: even this relief was said to be insufficient to keep people alive, and some recipients were reportedly selling part of their ration of yellow meal simply to obtain clothing. This was not merely a hunger crisis. It was also a crisis of the Poor Law system itself.
Poor Law Unions were expected to raise much of their money locally through rates, but years of famine had devastated tenants, occupiers, landlords and the productive capacity of the land. Large numbers remained dependent upon relief while the people expected to finance that relief were themselves increasingly impoverished. Cashel came before Parliament again on July 13th1849, right in the middle of Strzelecki’s 1849 journey. The House of Lords considered estimates for a number of distressed Poor Law Unions. For Cashel, Poor Law Commissioner Sir Edward Twisleton estimated that £20,000 might be collected in rates over the following six months.That estimate was strongly challenged in debate as unrealistic.
A memorial plaque can be found beside Clerys Department Store in Dublin. (Memorial text is in Polish, Irish and English).
The wider figures were alarming: thirty-two unions were said to have debts of about £231,000, (£38,097,298.65 in 2026), while their estimated expenditure for the next six months was £464,000, (£76,524,458 in 2026). Even if projected rate collections were achieved, an enormous deficit would remain.
So Cashel’s appearance in Parliament tells us something very important. The Union was part of the continuing famine emergency, a landscape of mass outdoor relief, indebted Poor Law Unions and exhausted local ratepayers, and at precisely that moment, Strzelecki was travelling 2,700 miles across Connacht and Munster distributing private charitable aid. That coincidence is what makes the Cashel question worth investigating.
The Surviving Cashel Records There is another important development. The original Cashel Poor Law Union Board of Guardians minute books for the famine period survive, and Tipperary Studies has digitised them for public access. The online Cashel collection includes both the 1848–1849 and 1849–1850 minute books, precisely the records covering Strzelecki’s return to Ireland. An original Cashel Rate Book for 1849 also survives online. It runs to 232 pages and records property and rating information for the Cashel electoral division, during the very year in question. Other 1849 rate books survive for electoral divisions within Cashel Union, including places/villages such as Fethard, Drangan, Graystown, Kilpatrick and Tullamain. So far, however, no reference to Strzelecki has been identified in the searchable or indexed portions of the Cashel records.
That does not settle the question. The Board of Guardians minute books are large handwritten manuscript volumes, and not every name, letter, visitor or donation can reliably be found through ordinary text searching. A reference could appear under a variant spelling, as “Count Strzelecki”, in a piece of incoming correspondence, in the record of a donation, or simply in handwriting that has never been indexed. The proper next stage is therefore a page-by-page examination of the Cashel Guardians’ minutes for the summer of 1849, particularly from July to early September. Historians should look not just for Strzelecki’s name but for:- letters from London or Dublin; private charitable donations; relief remittances; visiting relief agents; special grants; outside assistance; and references to individuals distributing charitable funds.
So, Did Strzelecki Come To Cashel, in Co. Tipperary? We still cannot say yes. But we can now state the historical circumstances much more clearly. In the summer of 1849 Paul Strzelecki travelled approximately 2,700 miles across Connacht and Munster distributing charitable aid. During those same months Cashel Poor Law Union was supporting around 12,000 people on outdoor relief and was being discussed in Parliament because of the enormous financial strain created by continuing famine distress. The original Cashel Board of Guardians records for that period survive, and are publicly available for investigation. What remains missing is the final documentary link placing Strzelecki himself in Cashel.
So the responsible conclusion remains: Did Paul Strzelecki Visit Cashel In 1849? Possibly, but not yet proven. What makes the possibility so intriguing is that we now know the scale of his movements. This was not a short journey through a handful of familiar western districts. It was a 2,700-mile humanitarian journey across Connacht and Munster, undertaken during a summer when Cashel was experiencing exactly the type of continuing distress Strzelecki had returned to Ireland to relieve. As Glenties commemorates this remarkable Polish humanitarian, perhaps it is also an appropriate time for Cashel and County Tipperary to examine their own surviving famine records.
Somewhere in those handwritten pages may yet lie the answer to one fascinating local question; “Did Paul Strzelecki Travel To Cashel?“
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